The highest crossover speed noticed in pet and herbs

A low NCO gene rate of conversion

You to definitely domain shines while the a great recombinational wilderness. No CO otherwise gene conversion experience is perceived within the an about 400 kb area nearby the 2 linked intercourse commitment genetics, csd and you will fem (Most file 1: Figure S14). I suggest that, because heterozygosity off csd decides the fresh new gender away from honeybee [56,57] and diploid homozygotes are sterile men, gene conversion process contained in this website name is disadvantageous. Because gene conversion was associated one another that have CO and you can NCO events, the recombination should be abolished to end homogenization. An absence of recombination along with forces the two loci to do something once the one haplotype.

The result stands into the hitting evaluate to help you a young report that discovered extremely higher CO prices in the vicinity of the brand new csd locus. A prospective resolution of one’s inconsistent claims is the fact during the new immediate location of your own genes there isn’t any recombination, this really is counterbalanced from the unusually high prices regarding the covers proximal toward desert. A diminished solution study would locate the better cost on spans. In keeping with that it i to see a premier level of recombination inside the the new quick location of your own plateau (Even more document step 1: Profile S14).

Discussion

The investigation enhance the sense one personal hymenoptera features both large and you may extremely varying crossing-over cost. Indeed, the interest rate varied ranging from 0 and you can 197 cM/Mb when mentioned in the low-overlapping 2 hundred kb windows across the chromosomes (Figure step 3, Figure S8 when you look at the Most file step one and Desk S6 inside the Most document dos), suggesting new extremely bumpy shipping regarding crossovers regarding genome. The profile from 37 cM/Mb, if you find yourself highest getting pets, is still lower than you to definitely seen for most fungus and you will protozoans, where costs in excess of sixty cM/Mb was said . For the better of our very own training, the brand new imagine suggests increased crossing-over rates than just present in people bush otherwise creature.

While our study finds evidence consistent with several theoretical predictions, cause and effect are always hard to disentangle from correlation alone. For example, in principle the diversity/crossing-over coupling is also consistent with the notion that crossing over occurs preferentially in domains of high diversity and with the notion that crossing over is mutagenic . Similarly, the correlation between recombination rate and GC content is consistent with both the possibility that crossing over forces a high GC content and with the possibility that a high GC content favors increased crossing over. The conventional wisdom holds that recombination forces heteroduplexes within which mismatches require resolution. If this resolution is biased towards G and C residues (biased gene conversion), then a correlation between GC and recombination rate is expected . Previous analyses in honey bee have demonstrated fixation biases toward GC in high recombination parts of the genome . Evidence to support this direction for the causal arrow requires SNP analysis showing a bias to AT- > GC SNPs being fixed (or otherwise favored) compared to GC- > her dating AT SNPs at sites of recombination. The key events here are most probably crossover-associated gene conversion events, but for these we cannot determine the direction of conversion and we are likely to be missing the majority of them. In our identified NCO events, if u is the number of AT > GC SNPs per A or T and v is the number of GC > AT SNPs per G or C, then the ratio of u/v is 1.06, which is slightly greater than the null (from stochastic simulations with 10,000 repeats: P <0.08). Being on the edge of significance, we cannot robustly say that NCO is or is not associated with GC-biased gene conversion.