Forgotten or partial plunge activity study were thought to occur from the random and you may imputed (depending on state z

Design suitable and you may diagnostics

We fit our Bayesian state-space model, consisting of both movement and observation process components, using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We assigned uninformative priors whenever there were no a priori expectations about the relationships of the model parameters and the movement behavior states (see Appendix S1). _n,t) within each iteration of the MCMC algorithm (see Appendix S2). We initialized six chains from random starting values drawn from the prior distributions. After initial pilot tuning and burn-in, we ran the chains until the univariate Gelman–Rubin potential scale reduction factor (PSRF) for monitored parameters was <1.2 and effective sample sizes exceeded 4000. This required about 6 million iterations per chain, where 1 million iterations for each parallel chain required about 100 h using six cores of a 3.7-GHz processor. Data and code can be found in Data S1.

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Considering rear methods to possess condition projects, we found this type of bearded seals invested 70% of their implementation attacks from the benthic foraging condition (B). Wet hauled from freeze (state We) and rested within ocean (county S) from inside the roughly equivalent proportions, however, there’s a clear seasonal part for the passion finances one of this new hauled on freeze (I), benthic foraging (B), and you may transit (T) says one to coincided towards summer retreat and you will winter months improve off sea freeze regarding Snowy (Dining table 2). Every seals demonstrated intensive benthic foraging over the continental cabinets regarding new Chukchi otherwise Beaufort seas since water freeze receded northward when you look at the the summertime. I found almost no proof of these types of freeze-associated seals pulling out on land, whether or not close to the shore in mostly freeze-totally free several months in the summertime. Amazingly, an adult male briefly moved north of the Beaufort seaside shelf within the late and you can was predict having hauled on the fresh new falling-out sea freeze edge between bouts of mid-liquids foraging regarding the better oceans of your Canada Basin (Fig. 2). We offer reveal cartoon from predicted movements and you will state projects for all seals relative to bathymetry and you can water ice shelter in the Appendix S3.

• There are regular differences in hobby finances anywhere between “summer” (off tagging in the later June and very early July in order to 30 Sep), “autumn” (step one Oct to 30 December), and you will “winter” (step 1 January up until level losings anywhere between February and April) that coincided into the south progress from wintertime sea ice during the brand new Arctic. Pastime finances information were calculated in line with the posterior function off time invested for the for each and every condition that have all the way down (LCI) and you will top (UCI) credible menstruation predicated on 95% highest rear density. Individual seal activity costs are included in Appendix S4.

As expected, the resting states (I, S, and L) exhibited shorter step lengths, no directional persistence, and lower proportions of each time step diving >4 m below the surface based on state-specific parameter estimates (Fig. 3; see Appendix S4 for posterior sumeters). Both the mid-water foraging (M) and transit (T) states exhibited longer step lengths, lower proportions of dry time, and higher proportions of diving >4 m below the surface. Only the transit state exhibited strong directional persistence, but state M exhibited moderate directional persistence for some individuals (Fig. 3). The benthic foraging (B) state generally exhibited moderate step lengths, no directional persistence, lower proportions of dry time, higher proportions Lincoln hookup sites of diving >4 m below the surface, and considerably higher benthic dive counts (posterior median for ?_B = 41.4; 95% highest posterior density interval: 41.2–41.7). The resting (?_I = ?_S = ?_L = 9.7; 95% HPDI: 9.4–10.0) and transit (?_T = 15.0; 95% HPDI: 14.5–15.5) states exhibited moderate benthic dive counts, while the mid-water foraging state generally had the lowest benthic dive counts (?_M = 1.5; 95% HPDI: 1.3–1.7; Fig. 3). The moderate benthic dive counts for the resting and transit states could be attributable to mid-interval state switches, but there certainly could have been opportunistic benthic foraging during transit. There also could have been high-speed, directionally persistent benthic dives while transiting in relatively shallow shelf waters.