Destroyed or partial plunge activity analysis have been believed that occurs within random and you can imputed (depending on state z

Model installing and you can diagnostics

We fit our Bayesian state-space model, consisting of both movement and observation process components, using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We assigned uninformative priors whenever there were no a priori expectations about the relationships of the model parameters and the movement behavior states (see Appendix S1). _n,t) within each iteration of the MCMC algorithm (see Appendix S2). We initialized six chains from random starting values drawn from the prior distributions. After initial pilot tuning and burn-in, we ran the chains until the univariate Gelman–Rubin potential scale reduction factor (PSRF) for monitored parameters was <1.2 and effective sample sizes exceeded 4000. This required about 6 million iterations per chain, where 1 million iterations for each parallel chain required about 100 h using six cores of a 3.7-GHz processor. Data and code can be found in Data S1.

Show

Centered on posterior methods for state assignments, i found such bearded seals spent 70% of their implementation attacks throughout the benthic foraging state (B). Wet hauled out on frost (state We) and rested on ocean (condition S) during the approximately equivalent dimensions, but there is a clear regular role inside pastime costs certainly one of new hauled on ice (I), benthic foraging (B), and you will transportation (T) says one to coincided into the june retreat and you will winter months progress away from ocean ice throughout the Snowy (Desk dos). All seals presented extreme benthic foraging across the continental cupboards of the brand new Chukchi or Beaufort seas as the ocean freeze receded northward into the summer time. I receive little proof of these ice-associated seals hauling on belongings, although around the shore from inside the mainly ice-100 % free months during summer. Amazingly, a grown-up men temporarily moved north of your Beaufort coastal bookshelf into the later and you may are predicted for hauled out on this new falling out in clumps sea ice line between bouts off mid-water foraging about better seas of one’s Canada Basin (Fig. 2). We provide reveal animation regarding forecast movements and you may state assignments for everybody seals relative to bathymetry and you will sea freeze security during the Appendix S3.

• There have been regular differences in interest spending plans anywhere between “summer” (out of marking in later Summer and you can very early July so you can 29 September), “autumn” (step one Oct to help you 31 December), and “winter” (1 January until mark loss ranging from February and you can April) that coincided to your south get better away from cold temperatures sea frost during the the Cold. Activity budget information had been calculated in accordance with the posterior form out of big date invested when you look at the for every single state which have lower (LCI) and you may higher (UCI) credible times based on 95% highest posterior occurrence. Individual close passion spending plans are included in Appendix S4.

As expected, the resting states (I, S, and L) exhibited shorter step lengths, no directional persistence, and lower proportions of each time step diving >4 m below the surface based on state-specific parameter estimates (Fig. 3; see Appendix S4 for posterior sumeters). Both the mid-water foraging (M) and transit (T) states exhibited longer step lengths, lower proportions of dry time, and higher proportions of diving >4 m below the surface. Only the transit state exhibited strong directional persistence, but state M exhibited moderate directional persistence for some individuals (Fig. 3). The benthic foraging (B) state generally exhibited moderate step lengths, no directional persistence, lower proportions of dry time, higher proportions of diving >4 m below the surface, and considerably higher benthic dive counts (posterior median for ?_B = 41.4; 95% highest posterior density interval: 41.2–41.7). The resting (?_I = ?_S = ?_L = 9.7; 95% HPDI: 9.4–10.0) and transit (?_T = 15 Dating by age free dating.0; 95% HPDI: 14.5–15.5) states exhibited moderate benthic dive counts, while the mid-water foraging state generally had the lowest benthic dive counts (?_M = 1.5; 95% HPDI: 1.3–1.7; Fig. 3). The moderate benthic dive counts for the resting and transit states could be attributable to mid-interval state switches, but there certainly could have been opportunistic benthic foraging during transit. There also could have been high-speed, directionally persistent benthic dives while transiting in relatively shallow shelf waters.